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Catégorie :Category: nCreator TI-Nspire
Auteur Author: djksfksdlajf
Type : Classeur 3.0.1
Page(s) : 1
Taille Size: 8.54 Ko KB
Mis en ligne Uploaded: 06/03/2025 - 09:00:43
Uploadeur Uploader: djksfksdlajf (Profil)
Téléchargements Downloads: 3
Visibilité Visibility: Archive publique
Shortlink : http://ti-pla.net/a4526481
Type : Classeur 3.0.1
Page(s) : 1
Taille Size: 8.54 Ko KB
Mis en ligne Uploaded: 06/03/2025 - 09:00:43
Uploadeur Uploader: djksfksdlajf (Profil)
Téléchargements Downloads: 3
Visibilité Visibility: Archive publique
Shortlink : http://ti-pla.net/a4526481
Description
Fichier Nspire généré sur TI-Planet.org.
Compatible OS 3.0 et ultérieurs.
<<
Review questions for GEOS 300, Exam 1 Below are some key concepts that we have covered and example questions. Keep in mind that this is only a guide. It is not an extensive list or summary of everything that we have covered. 1) In a sentence or two, define the following terms: lidar, raster, process zone, base level. What are some of the patterns or characteristics in topography that are associated with hillslope and fluvial process zones? Lidar: By measuring the time, it takes for a pulse of light to travel to Earth's surface and back and using that time to calculate the distance from the sensor to the ground. Raster: Array of cells, that represent an area. And which 2-dimensional data is stored like elevation. Process zone refers to specific areas within a landscape where geomorphic processes, such as erosion, sediment transport, or deposition, dominate. Base level: The lowest point of erosion. Hillslope is the nearest channel. The channel is the water body it drains to. Hillslope process zones are characterized by steep slopes, landslides, debris flows, and colluvial deposits. Fluvial process zones exhibit channel networks, terraces, floodplains, and meandering or braided river systems, shaped by erosion, sediment transport, and deposition. 2) Define slope. Give two examples that illustrate the importance of slope in Earth surface processes. What are the 3 primary types of models? Give an example of an empirical model and a process-based model used in Earth surface processes. Slope (gradient) is the steepness of a line (1) Landslides: Steep slopes increase the risk of mass movements. (2) River Erosion: Steeper slopes lead to faster water flow and more erosion. Types of models: (1) Conceptual (2) Physical (3) Mathematical/Computational (a) Empirical: (EX: debris flow initiation after fire) (b) Process-based: (EX: Coulomb slope failure effect of pore pressure) 3) Sketch a graph of a power-law function, an exponential function, and a sinusoidal function (label axes!). 4) Define shear stress. How/why is shear stress important in sediment transport? Shear Stress: A force per unit area that acts parallel to a surface. Importance: It controls when sediment moves; exceeding critical shear stress causes erosion and transport. 5) Define sediment yield and sediment flux. If our goal is to understand how landscapes evolve, why is it important to be able to quantify sediment flux? Give an example of a situation where it would be important to know the sediment flux at a particular location within the landscape. Sediment yield: refers to the amass of sediment eroded from a given area. Sediment Flux: the amount of sediment passing over a given point on the landscape per unit of time Quantifying sediment flux helps predict erosion, deposition, and landscape change over time. Ex: Knowing sediment flux is crucial for dam management, where excessive sediment accumulation can reduce reservoir capacity and impact water supply. 6) Describe the processes that are most important for transporting soil downslope on a vegetated hillslope with no rills. Describe the processes that are most important for transporting soil downslope on a hillslope with rills and no vegetation. Sketch a hillslope (any shape) and predict the direction and relative magnitude of sediment flux at different points along the hillslope. Soil Transport on a Vegetated Hillslope (No Rills) Diffusive Processes dominate, including: 1) Creep: Expansion occurs during freezing because water expands 8% when it freezes. This displaces soil particles outward. 2) Bioturbation: reworking of soil or sediment by living organisms 3) Rain Splash: transport of sediment driven by raindrop impact On rilled hillslopes: Rills are a clear sign that overland flow is primarily responsible for transporting sediment 7) Describe why hillslopes in tectonically active areas tend to get increasingly steep as you move farther away from the ridge. Do steady-state hillslopes tend to be steeper or less steep if the uplift rate increases (all else being equal)? Hillslope Steepness in Tectonically Active Areas As you move away from the ridge, hillslopes get steeper because: · Erosion near the ridge is rapid, keeping slopes lower. · Downslope sediment transport lags behind uplift , causing steepening. · Higher uplift rates require steeper slopes to balance erosion. Steady-State Hillslopes & Uplift Rate If uplift increases, steady-state hillslopes become steeper to match the higher erosion needed for equilibrium. 8) Consider a hillslope that is subject to a steady, uniform uplift rate. Is it steeper or less steep at steady state if bioturbation increases (all else being equal)? If bioturbation increases , the hillslope at a steady state becomes less steep (all else being equal). Increased bioturbation
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Compatible OS 3.0 et ultérieurs.
<<
Review questions for GEOS 300, Exam 1 Below are some key concepts that we have covered and example questions. Keep in mind that this is only a guide. It is not an extensive list or summary of everything that we have covered. 1) In a sentence or two, define the following terms: lidar, raster, process zone, base level. What are some of the patterns or characteristics in topography that are associated with hillslope and fluvial process zones? Lidar: By measuring the time, it takes for a pulse of light to travel to Earth's surface and back and using that time to calculate the distance from the sensor to the ground. Raster: Array of cells, that represent an area. And which 2-dimensional data is stored like elevation. Process zone refers to specific areas within a landscape where geomorphic processes, such as erosion, sediment transport, or deposition, dominate. Base level: The lowest point of erosion. Hillslope is the nearest channel. The channel is the water body it drains to. Hillslope process zones are characterized by steep slopes, landslides, debris flows, and colluvial deposits. Fluvial process zones exhibit channel networks, terraces, floodplains, and meandering or braided river systems, shaped by erosion, sediment transport, and deposition. 2) Define slope. Give two examples that illustrate the importance of slope in Earth surface processes. What are the 3 primary types of models? Give an example of an empirical model and a process-based model used in Earth surface processes. Slope (gradient) is the steepness of a line (1) Landslides: Steep slopes increase the risk of mass movements. (2) River Erosion: Steeper slopes lead to faster water flow and more erosion. Types of models: (1) Conceptual (2) Physical (3) Mathematical/Computational (a) Empirical: (EX: debris flow initiation after fire) (b) Process-based: (EX: Coulomb slope failure effect of pore pressure) 3) Sketch a graph of a power-law function, an exponential function, and a sinusoidal function (label axes!). 4) Define shear stress. How/why is shear stress important in sediment transport? Shear Stress: A force per unit area that acts parallel to a surface. Importance: It controls when sediment moves; exceeding critical shear stress causes erosion and transport. 5) Define sediment yield and sediment flux. If our goal is to understand how landscapes evolve, why is it important to be able to quantify sediment flux? Give an example of a situation where it would be important to know the sediment flux at a particular location within the landscape. Sediment yield: refers to the amass of sediment eroded from a given area. Sediment Flux: the amount of sediment passing over a given point on the landscape per unit of time Quantifying sediment flux helps predict erosion, deposition, and landscape change over time. Ex: Knowing sediment flux is crucial for dam management, where excessive sediment accumulation can reduce reservoir capacity and impact water supply. 6) Describe the processes that are most important for transporting soil downslope on a vegetated hillslope with no rills. Describe the processes that are most important for transporting soil downslope on a hillslope with rills and no vegetation. Sketch a hillslope (any shape) and predict the direction and relative magnitude of sediment flux at different points along the hillslope. Soil Transport on a Vegetated Hillslope (No Rills) Diffusive Processes dominate, including: 1) Creep: Expansion occurs during freezing because water expands 8% when it freezes. This displaces soil particles outward. 2) Bioturbation: reworking of soil or sediment by living organisms 3) Rain Splash: transport of sediment driven by raindrop impact On rilled hillslopes: Rills are a clear sign that overland flow is primarily responsible for transporting sediment 7) Describe why hillslopes in tectonically active areas tend to get increasingly steep as you move farther away from the ridge. Do steady-state hillslopes tend to be steeper or less steep if the uplift rate increases (all else being equal)? Hillslope Steepness in Tectonically Active Areas As you move away from the ridge, hillslopes get steeper because: · Erosion near the ridge is rapid, keeping slopes lower. · Downslope sediment transport lags behind uplift , causing steepening. · Higher uplift rates require steeper slopes to balance erosion. Steady-State Hillslopes & Uplift Rate If uplift increases, steady-state hillslopes become steeper to match the higher erosion needed for equilibrium. 8) Consider a hillslope that is subject to a steady, uniform uplift rate. Is it steeper or less steep at steady state if bioturbation increases (all else being equal)? If bioturbation increases , the hillslope at a steady state becomes less steep (all else being equal). Increased bioturbation
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