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Catégorie :Category: nCreator TI-Nspire
Auteur Author: atramarc
Type : Classeur 3.0.1
Page(s) : 1
Taille Size: 4.45 Ko KB
Mis en ligne Uploaded: 07/11/2024 - 11:29:52
Uploadeur Uploader: atramarc (Profil)
Téléchargements Downloads: 2
Visibilité Visibility: Archive publique
Shortlink : http://ti-pla.net/a4301374
Type : Classeur 3.0.1
Page(s) : 1
Taille Size: 4.45 Ko KB
Mis en ligne Uploaded: 07/11/2024 - 11:29:52
Uploadeur Uploader: atramarc (Profil)
Téléchargements Downloads: 2
Visibilité Visibility: Archive publique
Shortlink : http://ti-pla.net/a4301374
Description
Fichier Nspire généré sur TI-Planet.org.
Compatible OS 3.0 et ultérieurs.
<<
COGENERATION = COMBINED HEAT &POWER integrates the production of usable heat and power (electricity), in one single, highly efficient process. In todays coal and gas fired power stations, up to two thirds of the overall energy consumed is lost in this way, often seen as a cloud of steam rising from cooling towers. CHP is fuel neutral This means that a CHP process can be applied to both renewable and fossil fuels. The specific technologies employed, and the efficiencies they achieve will vary Tech for cogeneration "Back pressure steam turbine " Condensing steam turbine with steam extraction " Gas turbine BENEFITS OF COGENERATION Electric companies " Increase in guarantees for the supply of electricity to consumers " Reduction of available reserve power. " More economical use of the means of production DRAWBACKS OF COGENERATION Electric companies " Network stabilization problems. " Market reduction. Consumers " Investments. " Increase in local environmental pollution Country " Appropriate legislation. " Infrastructure. HEAT ELECTRICITY RATIO The relationship between heat and electricity produced is called the Heat Electricity Ratio (RCE) and is defined as: RCE = Qu / We The inverse of the Heat Electricity Ratio (RCE) and is the Electricity Heat Ratio (REC) CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INSTALLATION OF COGENERATION Energy Utilization Factor (FUE) FUE is not a satisfactory criterion as it places them on an equal footing. A simple way to resolve this issue is to apply weights to these two forms of energy and thus the concept of Weighted Energy Utilization Factor (FUEp) was developed. This index that uses the sale prices of mechanical energy or electricity and useful thermal energy. Defining Pe ($/energy)as the selling price of electricity, Pq ($/energy) as the sale price of useful thermal energy and Pf ($/energy) as the purchase price of the fuel Artificial Electric Yield. Assumes that only useful output from the cogeneration plant is the electricity and the fuel savings due to the use of the free heat are discounted from the fuel that is used in the facility Electrical efficiency equivalent Energy economy index: This index is defined as the primary fuel saving achieved with the cogeneration solution when compared with conventional solution: Of the various parameters for evaluating the performance of cogeneration installations, this is perhaps the most interesting as it is frequently used in the evaluation of the economic performance of cogeneration installations. NON-ADJUSTED FACILITIES: back-pressure steam turbine Facility adjusted to Thermal Energy: The cogeneration plant produces sufficient heat, but not enough electricity. The extra electricity must be produced by a conventional generator B) Facility adjusted to Electricity: The cogeneration plant produces sufficient electricity, but not enough heat. The extra heat must be produced through an auxiliary boiler. condensing and extracting steam turbine steam is drawn to satisfy a demand for thermal energy. Gas turbine with recovery boiler Facility adjusted to Thermal Energy: the gas turbine that rejects a certain amount of heat which, when used in a heat recovery unit (RCA) guarantees the full satisfaction of the thermal energy demand. There will be a conventional plant that will complement the electrical energy requests. Facility adjusted to Electricity: in the event that the cogeneration installation is able to meet the needs of the electrical energy demand but, on the other hand, is unable to satisfy the thermal energy demand, it will be necessary to install a heat recovery boiler. In this heat recovery boiler, CRC, an additional flow of fuel is introduced, taking advantage of the fact that the exhaust gases of the turbine still contain a high content of oxygen. It should be remembered that gas turbines have limitations regarding the maximum permissible temperature, which is why combustion takes place with high air excesses (of the order of 300%) and this fact can be effectively used for better thermal recovery. For a cogeneration to be friendly to the environment it is necessary that REM>1. REM ratio between co2 emissions referring to traditional processes vs cogeneration Trigeneration simultaneous production of electricity, heat and cold from an installation powered by the same primary energy source. Trigeneration systems often involve fuel sources like natural gas or biomass. They use prime movers (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.) to produce electricity, capture waste heat for heating, and utilize absorption chillers to convert some of this heat to cooling. This process helps maximize fuel use and energy efficiency. Refrigeration can be obtained in two ways: " a steam compression cycle activated by work (all the electrical energy or only part of it) provided by the cogeneration unit. " a cycle of absorption triggered by (or part of) useful heat, also provided by the same cogen unit. The use of ei
[...]
>>
Compatible OS 3.0 et ultérieurs.
<<
COGENERATION = COMBINED HEAT &POWER integrates the production of usable heat and power (electricity), in one single, highly efficient process. In todays coal and gas fired power stations, up to two thirds of the overall energy consumed is lost in this way, often seen as a cloud of steam rising from cooling towers. CHP is fuel neutral This means that a CHP process can be applied to both renewable and fossil fuels. The specific technologies employed, and the efficiencies they achieve will vary Tech for cogeneration "Back pressure steam turbine " Condensing steam turbine with steam extraction " Gas turbine BENEFITS OF COGENERATION Electric companies " Increase in guarantees for the supply of electricity to consumers " Reduction of available reserve power. " More economical use of the means of production DRAWBACKS OF COGENERATION Electric companies " Network stabilization problems. " Market reduction. Consumers " Investments. " Increase in local environmental pollution Country " Appropriate legislation. " Infrastructure. HEAT ELECTRICITY RATIO The relationship between heat and electricity produced is called the Heat Electricity Ratio (RCE) and is defined as: RCE = Qu / We The inverse of the Heat Electricity Ratio (RCE) and is the Electricity Heat Ratio (REC) CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INSTALLATION OF COGENERATION Energy Utilization Factor (FUE) FUE is not a satisfactory criterion as it places them on an equal footing. A simple way to resolve this issue is to apply weights to these two forms of energy and thus the concept of Weighted Energy Utilization Factor (FUEp) was developed. This index that uses the sale prices of mechanical energy or electricity and useful thermal energy. Defining Pe ($/energy)as the selling price of electricity, Pq ($/energy) as the sale price of useful thermal energy and Pf ($/energy) as the purchase price of the fuel Artificial Electric Yield. Assumes that only useful output from the cogeneration plant is the electricity and the fuel savings due to the use of the free heat are discounted from the fuel that is used in the facility Electrical efficiency equivalent Energy economy index: This index is defined as the primary fuel saving achieved with the cogeneration solution when compared with conventional solution: Of the various parameters for evaluating the performance of cogeneration installations, this is perhaps the most interesting as it is frequently used in the evaluation of the economic performance of cogeneration installations. NON-ADJUSTED FACILITIES: back-pressure steam turbine Facility adjusted to Thermal Energy: The cogeneration plant produces sufficient heat, but not enough electricity. The extra electricity must be produced by a conventional generator B) Facility adjusted to Electricity: The cogeneration plant produces sufficient electricity, but not enough heat. The extra heat must be produced through an auxiliary boiler. condensing and extracting steam turbine steam is drawn to satisfy a demand for thermal energy. Gas turbine with recovery boiler Facility adjusted to Thermal Energy: the gas turbine that rejects a certain amount of heat which, when used in a heat recovery unit (RCA) guarantees the full satisfaction of the thermal energy demand. There will be a conventional plant that will complement the electrical energy requests. Facility adjusted to Electricity: in the event that the cogeneration installation is able to meet the needs of the electrical energy demand but, on the other hand, is unable to satisfy the thermal energy demand, it will be necessary to install a heat recovery boiler. In this heat recovery boiler, CRC, an additional flow of fuel is introduced, taking advantage of the fact that the exhaust gases of the turbine still contain a high content of oxygen. It should be remembered that gas turbines have limitations regarding the maximum permissible temperature, which is why combustion takes place with high air excesses (of the order of 300%) and this fact can be effectively used for better thermal recovery. For a cogeneration to be friendly to the environment it is necessary that REM>1. REM ratio between co2 emissions referring to traditional processes vs cogeneration Trigeneration simultaneous production of electricity, heat and cold from an installation powered by the same primary energy source. Trigeneration systems often involve fuel sources like natural gas or biomass. They use prime movers (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.) to produce electricity, capture waste heat for heating, and utilize absorption chillers to convert some of this heat to cooling. This process helps maximize fuel use and energy efficiency. Refrigeration can be obtained in two ways: " a steam compression cycle activated by work (all the electrical energy or only part of it) provided by the cogeneration unit. " a cycle of absorption triggered by (or part of) useful heat, also provided by the same cogen unit. The use of ei
[...]
>>
